closed-loop control

Generalizing from Simulation: OpenAI Sim-to-Real Robotics Transfer

OpenAI published results on sim-to-real transfer for robot controllers, demonstrating that policies trained entirely in simulation can be deployed on physical robots and respond to unplanned environmental changes. The work represents a shift from open-loop to closed-loop control systems in robotics. This is a 2017 research milestone predating current frontier model work but relevant to the historical trajectory of OpenAI's robotics program.